Medical cannabis draws scientific interest for a reason: its molecules can interact with a regulatory system already present in the human body. This approach does not turn the entire plant into a universal medicine. Instead, it guides the study of cannabinoids, administered in a controlled form and in targeted clinical contexts. Their potential depends as much on how they work as on the dosage used.
The endocannabinoid system regulates several functions
Research on therapeutic cannabis rests on the discovery of the endocannabinoid system. This system brings together endogenous molecules produced by the body, including anandamide and 2-AG, along with enzymes and cellular receptors. It participates in modulating processes such as pain, appetite, memory, mood and certain immune responses.
CB1 receptors are present in the central nervous system. CB2 receptors are found more in cells related to the immune system, although their distribution is more complex. By binding directly or indirectly to these targets, plant cannabinoids can modify the transmission of certain signals. This action explains both the medical interest being studied and the possibility of adverse effects.
THC and CBD have different profiles
Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, or THC, activated particularly by engaging CB1 receptors. This interaction can contribute to analgesic, antiemetic or antispasmodic effects. It is also associated with changes in perception, alertness and memory. The dose must therefore be increased with caution in a medical setting.
Cannabidiol, known as CBD, does not produce the same psychotropic effects as THC. Its mechanism mobilizes multiple biological pathways and is not limited to direct CB1 receptor activation. A drug containing CBD has indications in certain severe epilepsies. This does not mean that all CBD products sold commercially have demonstrated medical efficacy.
Research targets well-defined situations
In France, the evaluation centers on five clinical scenarios where available treatments fail, are poorly tolerated or provide insufficient relief. These include certain refractory neuropathic pains, pharmacoresistant epilepsies, painful spasticity linked to central nervous system involvement, troublesome oncological symptoms, and advanced palliative situations.
The aim is not to systematically substitute cannabinoids for existing treatments. Researchers and authorities weigh the benefit–risk balance. The composition of THC and CBD, the pharmaceutical form, the dose, potential drug interactions and the follow-up influence this balance. Two cannabis-derived products can therefore have very different clinical profiles.
Medicine requires standardized products
A cannabinoid-based medication must offer a reproducible composition. This standardization enables the physician to gradually adjust the dose and identify any potential adverse effect. It also makes pharmacovigilance possible and allows comparison of results between patients.
In France, the permanent framework for medical cannabis is not yet operational for new patients as of September 2026. The transitional follow-up concerns people previously included in the national trial. Releaf indicates monitoring this evolution before offering its services in the country. This regulatory situation does not hinder scientific interest: it underscores that turning a promising molecule into an accessible treatment requires evidence, quality control and a secure medical pathway.
